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7.Six out of every ten prisoners in chains are black， which is why the chain gangs call up images of slavery in centuries gone by， when black people were brought from Africa in leg irons and made to work in plantations owned by white men.
which引导非限定性定语从句，修饰前句话。
gone by过去分词短语，修饰 centuries.
when引导另一个定语从句，修饰centuries.
句中并列谓语是were brought ，（were） made to work是主语补语，因此不可以省略不动式符号to
“This isn‘t something that’s done for racial reasons， for political reasons. This is something that‘s going to help save the people of Alabama tax money because they don’t have to pay as many officers to work on the highways. And it‘s going go help clean up our highways and it’s going to help clean up the State.”
However， the re-introduction of these measures has caused a great deal of strong disagreement. Human rights organizations say that putting prisoners in chains is not only inhumane but also ineffective. Alvin Bronstein， member of the Civil Liberties Union， says that study after study has shown that you cannot prevent people from committing crimes by punishment or the threat of punishment： “What they will do is make prisoners more angry ， more hostile， so that when they get out of prison， they will increase the level of their criminal behaviour.”
8.“What they will do is make prisoners more angry， more hostile， so that when they get out of prison， they will increase the level of their criminal behavious.”
what引导的主语从句中有do，则在表语中不定式省略to
so that 引导结果状语从句
Civil liberties groups say that chaining people together doesn‘t solve the causes of crime ，such as poverty or disaffection within society. What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society. They say the practice takes the United States back so the Middle Age ， and that it is a shame to American society. But that’s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep south of the United states. Alabama‘s experiment is to be widened to include more prisoners， and other States， such as Arkansas and Arizona， will very probably introduce their own chain gang schemes.
9.What it does is punish prisoners for the ills of society.
同上句 what引导的主语从句中有do，则在表语中不定式省略to，
10. But that‘s not an argument likely to win favour among many people in the Deep South of the United States.
划线部分为形容词短语作定语，修饰argument.
win favour 意为“赢得赞同”
be not likely to 不可能
favor 喜欢
III.语 法
There be “存在”句型
1.to be 作谓语动词单复数与后面的主语一致
例如：There are a lot of people in the room.
There is one person/ nobody in the room .
2.be 与助动词搭配作谓语
例如：There is no doubt about his guilt .
There can be very little doubt about his guilt .
3.与其它词相结合构成谓语
例如：There are estimated to be more than …
There is going to …
4.其它一些表示“存在”意义的动词也可以代替to be作谓语
例如：There existed a conflict .
5.除be之外， 谓语动词还可以用 occur ，come，live stand ， lie
以及复合结构 happen to be，seem to be ， be likely to be ， be bound to be.例句参见书中P.91注释1
IV.练 习
1.单词英译汉
domestic，statistic，diplomat，exploit，campaign，execute，convict，
despite，deserving，shelf，minimum，status，deport，
2.句子英译汉
（1）There are estimated to be more than 20，000 overseas domestic servants working in Britain.
（2）Of these 20，000 ， just under 2，000 are being exploited and abused by their employers.
（3）The sad condition of women working as domestics around the world received much media attention earlier this year in several highly publicized cases.
（4）A Filipino maid was executed in Singapore after being convicted of murder， despite protests form various quarters that her guilt had not been adequately established.
（5）She used to work for a very low wage at a tea factory in Sri Lanka.
（6）Because she found it difficult to feed her four children， she accepted a job working as a domestic in London.
（7）So if they do complain ， they risk being deported.
（8）This included increasing the minimum age of employees to 18， getting employees to read and understand an advice leaflet， getting employers to agree to provide adequate maintenance and conditions， and to put in writing the main terms and conditions of the job （of which the employees should see a copy）。
（9）For the main problem facing overseas maids and domestics who try to complain about cruel living and working conditions is that they do not have independent immigrant status and so cannot change employer.
（10）It is， they say， the right to change employers which distinguishes employment from slavery.
3.句子汉译英
（1）处理有关事务的政府部门没有做统计。
The government department that deals with relevant affairs does not keep statistics.
（2）正因为她无法养家才同意做家仆。
It was because she found it difficult to feed her family that she accepted a job working as a domestic.
（3）她是一名沙特外交官直接从菲律宾雇到伦敦来工作的。
She was hired by a Saudi diplomat directly from the Philippines to work in London .
（4）家仆的工作状况得到了新闻媒介的关注。
The conditions of working as domestics have received media attention .
（5）雇主们总是威胁要把我们遣送回国。
The employers always threatened to send us back to our countries.
4.历年考题
（1）When they get out of prison， they ______ （increase） the level of their criminal behavior.
答案：will increase .
考点：时间状语从句中主句用将来时，从句用一般现在时表示将来。从句谓语动词是get 一般现在时，所以从句用will increase . （主将从现）
（2）At the end of 1994 the British Government introduced new measures to help ______ domestic workers from abuse by their employers.
A. protect
B. suspect
C. expect
D. inspect
答案是：A.
考点是：protect … from 保护… 免受 …
（3）_____ their differences， they fell passionately in love with each other.
A. As for
B. Owing to
C. Despite
D. Through
答案：C.
考点：despite 表示让步的关系。本句的意思是：尽管他们之间有分歧，但他们彼此深爱对方。
讲义五
Text A The New Music
I.课文简介
六十年代后期在美国和英国几乎同时出现的新音乐，它来源于已经存在的三种音乐形式：布鲁斯blues，摇滚乐rock‘n roll和民间音乐folk music.这三种旧的音乐各自有其特点。
新音乐从这三种以及其他的音乐形式中自由地吸取元素，并发展成一种全新的、更具表现力的音乐，它采取全新的电子乐器和扬声器技术，加上灯光背景效果，使听众融入整个音乐氛围当中。
本文从三个方面分别介绍了新音乐与旧音乐的不同点
Para.1 The three existing music forms had their characteristics respectively.
Paras.2-4 The new music originated from the existing music forms but differs from them in three main respects.
II.New Words
1.blues n. 布鲁斯（源于美国南部黑人之中抑郁伤感的曲调）
2.rock‘n’roll n. 摇滚乐
3.folk n./a.人们，家属；民间的
4.musician n. 音乐家，作曲家
5.transformation n. 变化，转化；改造
6.rhythmic a. 有韵律的，有节奏的
7.musically ad. 在音乐方面；好听地
8.distinct a. 与其他不同的，独特的
9.consciousness n. 意识，知觉；
10.youthful a. 年轻的，朝气蓬勃的
11.anti-war a. 反战的
12.sentiment n. 感情，情绪
13.spontaneous a.自发的，本能的，自动的
14.originate vi./vt. 发源；发生
15.imitator n. 模仿者
16.Negro n./a. 黑人，黑人的
17.eclecticism n. 折中主义
18.synthesis n. 结合，合成
19.jazz n. 爵士乐
20.readily ad.乐意地，很快地，容易地
21.limitless a. 无限制的，无限的
22.instrument n. 仪器，乐器
23.electronic a.电子的
24.amplifier n.放大器
25.guitar n.六弦琴，吉他
26.electronics n.电子学
27.studio n.工作室；播音室
28.penetrating a.穿透的，贯穿的，深刻的
29.thereby ad.由此，从而
30.passive a.被动的；消极的
31.participant n./a.参加者，参与的
32.multimedia a./n. 多种手段的，多媒体的
33.ballroom n. 舞厅
34.lighting n.照明，照明设备
Phrases and Expressions
1.to take place 发生
2.to take over 接管，接任
3.to take on 具有，担任，雇佣
Proper Name
Beatlle 披头士摇滚乐队
San Francisco 旧金山
Bob Dylan 鲍伯。狄伦
Jefferson Airplane 杰佛逊飞机
词汇精讲
rock‘n’roll＝rock and roll or rocking and reeling 摇滚乐
folk n. 家属，亲属
How are all your folks？
Jazz 爵士乐
Rap music 说唱乐
Pop music 流行乐
Classical music 古典音乐
Music musician 音乐家
Musical 音乐的 musically adv.
rhythmic adj. 节奏的
rhythm n.节奏，韵律
rhyme n. 压韵
distinct ： a.独特的，明显的
派生词：distinction n. 区分，辨别，分清
用法：distinct … from ：区分于…
Gold is distinct form iron. 金不同于铁。
I saw three distinct objects in the distance， but I cannot identify them .
我清楚地看到远处的3个物体，但不能分辨是什么东西。
consciousness ： n. 意识，知觉，觉悟
派生词：conscious a. 有意识的，有知觉的；consciously ad. 有意识地，自觉地
subconscious a. 潜意识的
He lost consciousness after his accident and never recovered it.
发生事故后，他失去了知觉，再也没有恢复。
Working in an unemployment office had helped to raise his political consciousness.
在失业办公室工作使他的政治觉悟
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